Hello Jason.
I searched in the web and found a lot of problems reported for this adapter (hard drives not detected, boot failure, system frozen on boot, etc). Many of them were related to Asus motherboards.
It seems that this controller is a 6 Mbit/s chip that does everything, SATA ports, PATA, & "RAID on motherboard", and claims to be backward compatible to 3 Mbit/s (AHCI mode) and 1.5 Mbit/s (IDE compatible mode).
Usually, the BIOS setup menu contains a setting related to the SATA configuration as legacy IDE compatible, SATA AHCI or SATA RAID.
I guess (but I don't know) that there is another special setting for thiw controller, for the enhanced SATA iii compatibility or the SATA ii compatibility. So, you could try to disable the enhanced 6 Mbit/s function, in case your hard drives don't support it. Perhaps, the "backward compatibility" isn't fully automatic. Please, look at the manual of your motherboard for details (motherboards and BIOS versions aren't all the same). Furthermore, you could visit the user forum of your motherboard, to see if this problem is already reported and solved. Sometimes a BIOS update is needed to solve the problem.
As for the "other GNU/Linux live CDs", you could try to boot the computer from any Linux bootable cd, as Ubuntu or Knoppix. These live cds contain a lot of drivers and detect most of the hardware pieces. This is a way to check the hardware of a computer. You can easily download the ISO file and burn it on a cdr. Just, be sure to use a recent version, because your adapter is a rather new model.
*** It is highly recommended to backup any important files before doing resize/move operations. ***